How can the effectiveness of diffusion in dialysis be compromised?

The effectiveness of diffusion in dialysis can be compromised significantly by having clotted fibers in the dialyzer. In a dialysis treatment, diffusion is the process by which solutes move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration across a semi-permeable membrane. The dialyzer's fibers are crucial for this process, as they provide the necessary surface area for solute exchange between the blood and the dialysis solution.

When fibers in the dialyzer are clotted, it obstructs the flow of blood and the passage of solutes, leading to a decreased ability to remove waste products from the blood effectively. This reduction in surface area and potential blockage hampers the diffusion process, resulting in inadequate clearance of toxins and other substances that need to be removed during dialysis.

In contrast, using a larger dialyzer, increasing blood flow rates, or utilizing isotonic solutions would typically enhance the efficiency of the dialysis process, as they promote better solute removal and flow dynamics. Therefore, clotted fibers represent a critical impediment to effective dialysis diffusion.